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吸附/吸收 1

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煤制烯烃；煤间接液化；煤直接液化；煤制天然气；生命周期；碳排放 1

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甲烷 1

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间接自适应最优控制；汉密尔顿-雅各比-贝尔曼方程；模糊规划评判器；自适应最优控制执行器；执行器-评判器架构；未知非线性系统 1

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An indirect evaporative chiller

Xiaoyun XIE, Yi JIANG,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 66-76 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0021-1

摘要： A novel indirect evaporative chiller driven by outdoor dry air to produce cold water as the cooling source for air conditioning systems is introduced, and the principle and the structure of the chiller is presented. The cold water can be produced almost reversibly under ideal working conditions, with its temperature infinitely close to the dew point temperature of the inlet air. The key components of the chiller are an air cooler and a padding tower. To improve the heat transfer performance inside the chiller, a quasi-countercurrent air cooler was designed; a subsection linear method was used for the mathematical model of the padding tower. The first indirect evaporative chiller, designed and developed in 2005, has been in use in Kairui Building, a big hotel in Shihezi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The tested temperature of the water produced is below the wet bulb temperature of outdoor air and reached the average value of the dew point temperature and the wet bulb temperature of outdoor air. As the running components are only pumps and fans, the COP (cooling energy for room divided by power cost) of this chiller is high, and the drier the outdoor air, the higher COP the chiller obtained. Since no CFCs are used in this chiller, it would not cause any pollution to the aerosphere. Finally, the application prospect of the indirect evaporative chiller in the world is presented.

关键词： indirect evaporative chiller     dry air     dew point temperature    

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Thermodynamic and economic analyses of a coal and biomass indirect coupling power generation system

Buqing YE, Rui ZHANG, Jin CAO, Bingquan SHI, Xun ZHOU, Dong LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第3期   页码 590-606 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0809-6

摘要： The coal and biomass coupling power generation technology is considered as a promising technology for energy conservation and emission reduction. In this paper, a novel coal and biomass indirect coupling system is proposed based on the technology of biomass gasification and co-combustion of coal and gasification gas. For the sake of comparison, a coal and biomass direct coupling system is also introduced based on the technology of co-combustion of coal and biomass. The process of the direct and the indirect coupling system is simulated. The thermodynamic and economic performances of two systems are analyzed and compared. The simulation indicates that the thermodynamic performance of the indirect coupling system is slightly worse, but the economic performance is better than that of the direct coupling system. When the blending ratio of biomass is 20%, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the indirect coupling system are 42.70% and 41.14%, the internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DPP) of the system are 25.68% and 8.56 years. The price fluctuation of fuels and products has a great influence on the economic performance of the indirect coupling system. The environmental impact analysis indicates that the indirect coupling system can inhibit the propagation of NO and reduce the environmental cost.

关键词： biomass     indirect coupling system     process simulation     thermodynamic analysis     economic analysis    

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Tackling global electricity shortage through human power: Technical opportunities from direct or indirect

Dan DAI, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第3期   页码 210-226 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0200-3

摘要： With the energy and environmental problems becoming increasingly serious, human power, as a pervasive, renewable, mobile and environment friendly energy, draws more and more attention over the world. In this paper, the most basic features of human power are presented. The currently available human power harvesting theories and devices are briefly reviewed and compared. Further, direct or indirect utilization of human power in daily life, especially transportation and home appliances, such as human-powered car, watercraft, aircraft, washing machine and television etc. are summarized. Considering that the total energy from an individual is rather limited, as previously focused by most of the former works, it is conceived in this paper that an important future for large scale use of human powers lies in the efficient conversion, collection and storage of such energy from discrete people and then use it later on as desired. With the huge amount of energy gathered, the application category of human power would be significantly expended. Starting from this point, three technical ways towards efficiently utilizing human power are sketched, which are termed as human-powered grid (HPG), human-powered charger (HPC) and human-powered storage (HPS), among which, HPG is capable of collecting the electric power produced by each individual at different regions and thus can supply unique and flexible power to the customers covered in the area, without relying on the conventional electricity grid. The HPC can then charge various kinds of electrical devices instantly by a human driven generator which converts human power into electricity. Finally, the HPS can store electricity in time for later use. In this way, even for the devices requiring electricity that is strong enough, the collected human power can also serve as its reliable energy source. Meanwhile, utilization of human power becomes rather convenient and timely which guarantees its practical value. It is expected that with further research and increasing applications, human power could partially relieve the current global electricity shortage and environmental issues via its pervasive contribution.

关键词： human energy harvesting     human-powered transportation     human-powered home appliances     human-powered grid (HPG)     human-powered charger (HPC)     human-powered storage (HPS)     biofuel    

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Comparison of indirect boundary element and finite element methods A case study: Shiraz-Esfahan railway

Amin MANOUCHEHRIAN, Mohammad Fatehi MARJI, Mohsen MOHEBBI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第4期   页码 385-392 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0173-7

摘要： Because of the high importance of transportation tunnels, most precise analyses of stress concentration and displacement around them are essential to provide safety of them as much as possible. Recently, various numerical methods such as finite element method (FEM), discrete element method (DEM), finite difference method (FDM) and boundary element method (BEM) have been used extremely in geosciences problems, but among these numerical methods, BEM has been used less than others because the computational algorithm is not so straightforward. This paper suggests the implementation of the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) as a formulation of BEM to analyze displacement around Shiraz-Esfahan railway tunnel in Zagros Mountains southwest of Iran. For this purpose, this tunnel has been modeled numerically using two-dimensional fictitious stress method (TWOFS) algorithm. To validate the results, they were compared with FEM results as a commonly used numerical method. Results of current theoretical study have shown that the presented approach using IBEM is reasonably accurate and can be used for analysis of displacement in geosciences problems. In rock mechanics, for problems with a low ratio of boundary surface to volume, FEM is not very well suited and may be cumbersome, but use of such a proposed IBEM approach can be particularly attractive.

关键词： indirect boundary element method     finite element method     displacement     tunnel     case study    

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NICE’s Indirect Coal-to-Liquid Process for Producing Clean Transportation Fuels Using Fischer-Tropsch

Omar M. Basha,Li Weng,Zhuo-wu Men,Wayne Xu,Badie I. Morsi

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年 第3卷 第4期   页码 362-376 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016049

摘要： China is currently the world’s top coal consumer and the largest oil importer to sustain its rising economy and meet the mounting demand for transportation fuels. However, the increasing emissions due to the huge fossil fuels consumption, coupled with oil market instability, could derail China’s economic growth and jeopardize its national energy security. To face such a hurdle, China has been aggressively supporting low-carbon businesses opportunuties over the past decade, has recently announced several plans to cap coal utilization, and is currently the biggest investor in clean energy technologies. Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) is one of the most promising clean coal technologies, offering an ideal solution that can meet China’s energy demands and environmental expectations. It is widely known that the Shenhua Group has pioneered and is currently leading the commercialization of the Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) process in China. This paper highlights a part of the joint research effort undertaken by the National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy (NICE) and University of Pittsburgh in order to develop and commercialize the Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) process. In this mission, NICE has built and operated an ICL plant including a large-scale (5.8-m ID and 30-m height) Slurry-Bubble-Column Reactor (SBCR) for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using iron catalyst. The research, conducted at the University of Pittsburgh over the past few years, allowed building a user-friendly Simulator, based on a comprehensive SBCR model integrated with Aspen Plus and is validated using data from the NICE actual ICL plant. In this paper, the Simulator predictions of the performance of the NICE SBCR, operating with iron and cobalt catalysts under four different tail gas recycle strategies: (1) direct recycle; (2) using a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) unit; (3) using a reformer; and (4) using a Chemical looping Combustion (CLC) process, are presented. It should be mentioned also that our joint research effort has laid the foundation for the design of a commercial-scale SBCR for producing one-million tons per annum of environmentally friendly and ultraclean (no sulfur, no nitrogen and virtually no aromatics) transportation fuels, which could greatly contribute to ensuring China’s national energy security while curbing its lingering emission problems.

关键词： Fischer-Tropsch synthesis     tail gas recycle     simulations     process design    

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有关间接法预测煤层气含量的讨论

鲜学福,辜敏

《中国工程科学》 2006年 第8卷 第8期   页码 15-22

摘要：

对间接法预测煤层气（甲烷）含量有关的煤层气在煤中赋存状态、煤层气在煤中吸附模型及其相互之间的联系、煤层中游离煤层气及其含量相关计算所需的参数进行了分析讨论，并提出了相应的建议。

关键词： 间接法     煤层气     甲烷     吸附/吸收     游离    

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Microcystin-LR detection based on indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

SHENG Jianwu, HE Miao, YU Shaoqing, SHI Hanchang, QIAN Yi

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 329-333 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0056-7

摘要： Microcystins (MCs) are a group of closely related toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by common cyanobacteria, which cause lots of accidents and threatens human health. In this paper, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was established and used to detect microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking and surface waters. The concentration of coating antigen was 5 ?g/mL, the dilution of monoclonal antibody MC10E7 was 1:3 000, the dilution of enzyme tracer (goat anti-mouse IgG-peroxidase) was 1:3 000, the standard concentration of MC-LR ranged from 0.001 μg/L to 30 μg/L, and o-phenylenediamine was used as substrate. The assay showed high relativity with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a correlation coefficient of more than 99%. The relative standard deviation was less than 10%, the detection limit was achieved down to 0.01 μg/L and up to 5.1 μg/L. The quantitative detection range was from 0.03 μg/L to 3 μg/L, and the antibody had high specificity for [4-arginine] microcystins. It performed well in spite of the influence of the real samples.

关键词： o-phenylenediamine     4-arginine     ic-ELISA     substrate     chromatography    

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Novel eco-efficient reactive distillation process for dimethyl carbonate production by indirect alcoholysis

Iulian Patraşcu, Costin S. Bîldea, Anton A. Kiss

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 316-331 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2047-9

摘要： Dimethyl carbonate is an eco-friendly essential chemical that can be sustainably produced from CO , which is available from carbon capture activities or can even be captured from the air. The rapid increase in dimethyl carbonate demand is driven by the fast growth of polycarbonates, solvent, pharmaceutical, and lithium-ion battery industries. Dimethyl carbonate can be produced from CO through various chemical pathways, but the most convenient route reported is the indirect alcoholysis of urea. Previous research used techniques such as heat integration and reactive distillation to reduce the energy use and costs, but the use of an excess of methanol in the trans-esterification step led to an energy intensive extractive distillation required to break the dimethyl carbonate-methanol azeotrope. This work shows that the production of dimethyl carbonate by indirect alcoholysis of urea can be improved by using an excess of propylene carbonate (instead of an excess of methanol), a neat feat that we showed it requires only 2.64 kW·h·kg dimethyl carbonate in a reaction-separation-recycle process, and a reactive distillation column that effectively replaces two conventional distillation columns and the reactor for dimethyl carbonate synthesis. Therefore, less equipment is required, the methanol-dimethyl carbonate azeotrope does not need to be recycled, and the overall savings are higher. Moreover, we propose the use of a reactive distillation column in a heat integrated process to obtain high purity dimethyl carbonate (>99.8 wt-%). The energy requirement is reduced by heat integration to just 1.25 kW·h·kg dimethyl carbonate, which is about 52% lower than the reaction-separation-recycle process. To benefit from the energy savings, the dynamics and control of the process are provided for ±10% changes in the nominal rate of 32 ktpy dimethyl carbonate, and for uncertainties in reaction kinetics.

关键词： dimethyl carbonate     reactive distillation     process design     plantwide control    

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Trajectory planning of mobile robots using indirect solution of optimal control method in generalized

M. NAZEMIZADEH, H. N. RAHIMI, K. AMINI KHOIY

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第7卷 第1期   页码 23-28 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0304-9

摘要：

This paper presents an optimal control strategy for optimal trajectory planning of mobile robots by considering nonlinear dynamic model and nonholonomic constraints of the system. The nonholonomic constraints of the system are introduced by a nonintegrable set of differential equations which represent kinematic restriction on the motion. The Lagrange’s principle is employed to derive the nonlinear equations of the system. Then, the optimal path planning of the mobile robot is formulated as an optimal control problem. To set up the problem, the nonlinear equations of the system are assumed as constraints, and a minimum energy objective function is defined. To solve the problem, an indirect solution of the optimal control method is employed, and conditions of the optimality derived as a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations. The optimality equations are solved numerically, and various simulations are performed for a nonholonomic mobile robot to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： mobile robot     trajectory planning     nonlinear dynamic     optimal control    

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Engine-driven hybrid air-conditioning system

Chaokui QIN , Hongmei LU , Xiong LIU , Gerhard SCHMITZ ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第1期   页码 109-116 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0003-3

摘要： A hybrid air-conditioning system that combines an engine-driven chiller with desiccant dehumidification was configured and experimentally tested to provide reliable data for energy consumption and operation cost. The engine performance and the desiccant wheel performance were measured and a numeric model previously set up for dehumidification capacity prediction was validated. For a reference building, the results based upon measured data show that under present electricity/gas price ratio, more than 40% of operation cost can be saved by the hybrid system.

关键词： engine-driven chiller     desiccant wheel     hybrid air-conditioning system     energy consumption    

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Hierarchically porous zeolites synthesized with carbon materials as templates

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期   页码 1444-1461 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2090-6

摘要： Hierarchically porous zeolites are promising candidates in catalytic conversion of relatively bulky molecules, and their syntheses have attracted significant attention. From both industrial and scientific perspectives, different carbon materials have been widely employed as hard templates for the preparation of hierarchically porous zeolites during the past two decades. In this review, the progress in synthetic strategies using carbon materials as templates is comprehensively summarized. Depending on the affinity between the carbon templates and zeolite precursors, the substantial strategies for synthesizing hierarchical zeolites are introduced in direct templates and indirect templates. Direct templates methods, by which the carbon materials are directly mixed with precursors gel as hard templates, are first reviewed. Then, we discuss the indirect templates method (crystallization of carbon-silica composites), by which the carbon is produced by in situ pyrolysis of organic-inorganic precursors. In addition, the technique of encapsulating metal species into zeolites crystals with the assistance of carbon templates is also discussed. In the conclusion part, the factors affecting the synthesis of carbon-templated hierarchically porous zeolites are remarked. This review is expected to attract interest in the synthesis strategies of hierarchically porous zeolites, especially cost-effective and large-scale production methodologies, which are essential to the industrial application of hierarchical zeolites.

关键词： hierarchical zeolites     carbon materials     direct templates     indirect templates     carbon-silica composites    

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Synthesis of haptens and production of antibodies to bisphenol A

Xiya ZHANG, Xiaoyun DONG, Sijun ZHAO, Yuebin KE, Kai WEN, Suxia ZHANG, Zhanhui WANG, Jianzhong SHEN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第4卷 第3期   页码 366-372 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017132

摘要： Three immunizing haptens of bisphenol A (BPA), including two new haptens, were used to produce highly sensitive and specific polyclonal antibodies. The spacer arms of haptens for coupling to the protein carrier were located at different positions in BPA, and different length spacer arms were tested. Highly sensitive polyclonal antibodies were obtained and characterized using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). Under optimized conditions, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC ) value of the best polyclonal antibody was 2.1 mg·L , based on coating heterogeneous antigens, and this optimal polyclonal antibody was highly sensitive toward BPA and displayed negligible cross-reactivity with bisphenol B and bisphenol E. A sensitive icELISA method utilizing the polyclonal antibody was developed for the determination of BPA in milk. In spiked samples (5, 10 and 20mg·L ), the recovery ranged from 80% to 102% with a coefficient of variation (CV) value below 15.8%. The limit of detection of icELISA was 1.95mg·L . These results indicate that the icELISA method is suitable for the detection of BPA in milk.

关键词： bisphenol A     cross-reactivity     hapten     indirect competitive ELISA     polyclonal antibody    

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LC-ELSD analysis for simultaneous determination of five components in the Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu capsules

Ying GAO, Wenyuan GAO, Xuan DONG, Fengge LI, Xinying YANG,

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 96-101 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0309-z

摘要： A reliable and accurate liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (LC-ELSD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of five constituents in Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu capsule, a widely used prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Symmetry C column (150mm×4.6mm, 5.0μm) using gradient elution of acetonitrile and water (containing 1.0% acetic acid). The flow rate was 0.6mL/min and the temperature of column was 30°C. A good linearity correlation was obtained over the investigated concentration ranges. Recoveries of the five components varied from 97.31% to 99.84% (RSD<4.0%). The validated method was successfully applied to the quality assessment of Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu capsule.

关键词： chromatographic separation     prescription     Symmetry     chromatography     evaporative    

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Role of water chemistry on estrone removal by nanofiltration with the presence of hydrophobic acids

Xue JIN,Jiangyong HU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第1期   页码 164-170 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0747-9

摘要： Hydrophobic acid organic matter (HpoA) extracted from treated effluent has been known to improve the rejection of steroid hormone estrone by reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this study, the effects of solution chemistry (solution pH and ionic strength) on the estrone rejection by NF membrane with the presence of HpoA were systematically investigated. Crossflow nanofiltration experiments show that the presence of HpoA significantly improved estrone rejection at all pH and ionic strength levels investigated. It is consistently shown that the “enhancement effect” of HpoA on estrone rejection at neutral and alkaline pH is attributed to the binding of estrone by HpoA macromolecules via hydrogen bonding between phenolic functional groups in feed solutions, which leads to an increase in molecular weight and appearance of negative charge. The membrane exhibited the best performance in terms of estrone rejection at pH 10.4 (compared to pH 4 and pH 7) as a result of strengthening the electrostatic repulsion between estrone and membrane with the presence of HpoA. At neutral pH level, the ability of HpoA macromolecules to promote estrone rejection became stronger with increasing ionic strength due to their more extended conformation, which created more chances for the association between estrone and HpoA. The important conclusion of this study is that increasing solution pH and salinity can greatly intensify the “enhancement effect” of HpoA. These results can be important for NF application in direct/indirect potable water reuse.

关键词： indirect potable water reuse     steroid hormone     nanofiltration(NF)     rejection     water chemistry     hydrophobic acids    

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新型煤化工的生命周期碳排放趋势分析

武娟妮,张岳玲,田亚峻,谢克昌

《中国工程科学》 2015年 第17卷 第9期   页码 69-74

摘要：

近年来新型煤化工的发展势头强劲，不仅使煤转化过程的碳排放有大幅增长的趋势，更会带动整个产业链碳排放的增长。为了全面认识新型煤化工发展给气候变化带来的潜在影响，本文采用生命周期评价的方法，以煤制烯烃、煤间接液化、煤直接液化、煤制天然气作为新型煤化工的代表，分析了从煤炭生产到产品消费的整个产业链的碳排放现状和趋势。结果显示，从生命周期的角度认识煤化工发展带来的碳排放潜力，中期新型煤化工生命周期CO2eq（CO2当量）排放量是现状的10倍，远期甚至达到现状的21倍，新型煤化工发展呈现过热势头，这给我国的碳减排目标带来不容忽视的压力，其中尤以煤制天然气、煤经甲醇制烯烃和间接液化发展潜力较大；分析表明，整个产业链的碳排放主要来自于煤转化过程，约占54 %~63 %，然而该环节排放的CO2纯度较高，适于碳捕集、利用和封存(CCUS)，可以显著降低新型煤化工快速发展给气候变化带来的影响；其次，新型煤化工上下游产业链碳排放约占37 %~46 %，其中用电导致的间接排放占7 %~15 %，可通过推广超临界和超超临界发电技术以及高压和超高压输电技术减排。

关键词： 煤制烯烃；煤间接液化；煤直接液化；煤制天然气；生命周期；碳排放    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

An indirect evaporative chiller

Xiaoyun XIE, Yi JIANG,

期刊论文

Thermodynamic and economic analyses of a coal and biomass indirect coupling power generation system

Buqing YE, Rui ZHANG, Jin CAO, Bingquan SHI, Xun ZHOU, Dong LIU

期刊论文

Tackling global electricity shortage through human power: Technical opportunities from direct or indirect

Dan DAI, Jing LIU

期刊论文

Comparison of indirect boundary element and finite element methods A case study: Shiraz-Esfahan railway

Amin MANOUCHEHRIAN, Mohammad Fatehi MARJI, Mohsen MOHEBBI

期刊论文

NICE’s Indirect Coal-to-Liquid Process for Producing Clean Transportation Fuels Using Fischer-Tropsch

Omar M. Basha,Li Weng,Zhuo-wu Men,Wayne Xu,Badie I. Morsi

期刊论文

有关间接法预测煤层气含量的讨论

鲜学福,辜敏

期刊论文

Microcystin-LR detection based on indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

SHENG Jianwu, HE Miao, YU Shaoqing, SHI Hanchang, QIAN Yi

期刊论文

Novel eco-efficient reactive distillation process for dimethyl carbonate production by indirect alcoholysis

Iulian Patraşcu, Costin S. Bîldea, Anton A. Kiss

期刊论文

Trajectory planning of mobile robots using indirect solution of optimal control method in generalized

M. NAZEMIZADEH, H. N. RAHIMI, K. AMINI KHOIY

期刊论文

Engine-driven hybrid air-conditioning system

Chaokui QIN , Hongmei LU , Xiong LIU , Gerhard SCHMITZ ,

期刊论文

Hierarchically porous zeolites synthesized with carbon materials as templates

期刊论文

Synthesis of haptens and production of antibodies to bisphenol A

Xiya ZHANG, Xiaoyun DONG, Sijun ZHAO, Yuebin KE, Kai WEN, Suxia ZHANG, Zhanhui WANG, Jianzhong SHEN

期刊论文

LC-ELSD analysis for simultaneous determination of five components in the Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu capsules

Ying GAO, Wenyuan GAO, Xuan DONG, Fengge LI, Xinying YANG,

期刊论文

Role of water chemistry on estrone removal by nanofiltration with the presence of hydrophobic acids

Xue JIN,Jiangyong HU

期刊论文

新型煤化工的生命周期碳排放趋势分析

武娟妮,张岳玲,田亚峻,谢克昌

期刊论文